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6. Rashtrakutas
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1. Where was the capital of the Rashtrakuta empire located?
2. Which historian held that the Rashtrakutas belonged to the Rathor descendants of Northern India?
3. Which historian opined that the Rajjakas (provincial governors) of the Mauryan days might have become Rashtrakutas?
4. Which historian held that the Rashtrakutas were Telugu people who later came to be called Reddis?
5. As per A.S. Altekar, the term "Rashtrakuta" was originally the name of what?
6. During the Mauryan period, a person known as "Rashtriya" used to be the viceroy of which regions?
7. Among the Rashtrakutas who became independent, the important ones became chiefs of which place?
8. In their dynastic anecdotes, the Rashtrakutas claimed to have originated from which figure?
9. During the time of the Badami Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas remained as their:
10. The brother of Nannaraju, who ruled the Ellichpur area in 631 A.D., is considered what in the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
11. Who was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, ruling Manyakheta and Western Telangana as a feudatory of the Badami Chalukyas?
12. Who established the independent Rashtrakuta kingdom by defeating the Badami Chalukyan king Keertivarma II?
13. In which year did Dantidurga defeat Keertivarma II, establishing the independent Rashtrakuta kingdom?
14. As a feudatory, Dantidurga participated in the campaigns of which Western Chalukyan ruler?
15. In a battle fought in 738 A.D., Dantidurga severely defeated which foreign force?
16. Pleased with Dantidurga's victory over the Arabs, Vikramaditya II gave him which two titles?
17. In which city did Dantidurga make a "Hiranyagarbha" donation to declare his victory after conquering Malwa?
18. Dantidurga gave his daughter in marriage to which Pallava king?
19. Who succeeded Dantidurga and carried forward his conquests, occupying Southern Konkan?
20. Krishna I sent crown-prince Govinda II to defeat which Vengi Chalukyan ruler?
21. Which rock-cut temple, whose construction went on for nearly a hundred years and later received recognition as a world heritage site, was built by Krishna I?
22. Krishna I bore which two titles?
23. Govinda II won a victory in which battle?
24. Govinda II was called "Suvarna Govindaraja" and which other title?
25. Who ascended the Rashtrakuta throne after killing his brother Govinda II?
26. Dhruva defeated the Eastern Chalukyan ruler Vishnuvardhana IV and married which daughter of his?
27. Dhruva was the first Rashtrakuta ruler to enter which conflict, fought for control of Kanauj?
28. Dhruva defeated Pratihara-Kanauj ruler Vatsaraja and, as a mark of this victory, adopted which emblem?
29. Consider the following statements regarding Dhruva Raja:
(I) He killed his brother Govinda II to ascend the throne.
(II) He was the first Rashtrakuta ruler to enter the Tripartite wars.
(III) His sons Stambha, Karka, Govinda and Indra helped him in his wars.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
30. Dhruva bore the titles "Srivallabha," "Nirupamavallabha" and which other title?
31. For how many years did Dhruva rule, during which he expanded the Rashtrakuta kingdom into a vast empire?
32. Who is regarded as the greatest among the Rashtrakutas, ruling for 22 years and fighting wars with the Pallava, Western Ganga, Ghurjara-Pratihara and Pala kings?
33. Which inscription records Govinda III's greatness and victories?
34. Govinda III defeated which Pratihara king?
35. During Govinda III's Northern expedition, a confederacy was formed against him by the Pallava, Pandya, Kerala and which other kings?
36. The ruler of which country became a friend of Govinda III?
37. Who was Amoghavarsha's original name before he became king?
38. As Amoghavarsha was a minor when he came to the throne, who took up the administrative responsibility of the kingdom as his protector?
39. Amoghavarsha defeated which Vengi king?
40. Amoghavarsha defeated Gangavadi king Nitidurga but, with political foresight, returned his kingdom to him; he also gave his daughter Chandrabbalachhen in marriage to which figure?
41. Amoghavarsha gave his sister in marriage to which Vengi crown-prince?
42. Amoghavarsha wrote "Kavirajamarga," described as the first work of which literary genre?
43. Jain poets Mahavira Acharya and Saktayana, during Amoghavarsha's period, wrote "Ganitasara Sangraha" and which other work respectively?
44. Amoghavarsha built which city and made it his capital?
45. Which Arab traveller praised Amoghavarsha as one of the four great emperors in the world?
46. To stop a famine and pestilence in his kingdom, Amoghavarsha offered his left-hand finger as a sacrifice to which goddess at Kolhapur?
47. Amoghavarsha adopted which religion and observed "Sallekhanavrata" before his death?
48. From whose reign onward did the decline of the Rashtrakutas begin?
49. Which Ghurjara-Pratihara king swooped on the Rashtrakuta kingdom during Krishna II's reign?
50. Eastern Chalukya king Gunaga Vijayaditya invaded the Rashtrakuta kingdom during Krishna II's time and destroyed which cities?
51. Krishna II clashed with and was defeated by which Chola king?
52. Krishna II gave his daughter in marriage to which Chola king?
53. During whose reign did the Arab traveller Al-Masudi visit the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
54. Govinda IV gave up the kingdom and ran away, disgusted with the rebellions of which dynasty?
55. During the reign of which Rashtrakuta ruler was prestige restored, with crown-prince Rajaditya of the Chola kingdom being killed in battle?
56. Krishna III assumed which title after invading the Chola kingdom and killing crown-prince Rajaditya?
57. In the Takkolam battle, Krishna III defeated which Chola ruler and erected a victory pillar at Rameswaram?
58. Krishna III's Northern Indian expedition led to the defeat of which Ujjain ruler?
59. Which Malwa king defeated Khottiga and destroyed Manyakheta, causing Khottiga to die of grief?
60. Who was the last ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
61. Which ruler, described as the ruler of Tondavadi and a feudatory, defeated Karkaraja II, killed him, and occupied Manyakheta, ending Rashtrakuta rule permanently?
62. Consider the following statements regarding the decline and fall of the Rashtrakuta dynasty:
(I) From Krishna II's reign onward, the decline of the Rashtrakutas began.
(II) Govinda IV gave up the kingdom due to rebellions of the Mudigonda Chalukyas.
(III) Karkaraja II was defeated and killed by Tailapa, ending Rashtrakuta rule permanently.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
63. Consider the following pairs of Rashtrakuta rulers and their reign periods:
(I) Dantidurga – 748 – 758 A.D.
(II) Amoghavarsha – 814 – 880 A.D.
(III) Krishna III – 939 – 966 A.D.
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
64. In which region did the Rashtrakuta emperors establish an empire that extended, at its greatest reach, from Kanyakubja to Kanyakumari?
65. In the beginning, which three cities remained the capitals of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, before Manyakheta became the capital during Amoghavarsha's reign?
66. What was the basic nature of authority over the kingdom in the Rashtrakuta Empire?
67. Rashtrakuta kings assumed the titles "Maharajadhiraja," "Dharavarsha" and which other title?
68. In the Rashtrakuta Empire, who used to be the commander-in-chief and personally lead the armies during wars?
69. Who used to attend the king's court, described as full of ostentation and splendour, besides feudatories and officials?
70. What was the important minister who assisted the king in administration called?
71. Inscriptions have mentioned the ministerial posts of "Mahamatya" and which other post?
72. Kings and officials appointed at different places in the kingdom used to be called what?
73. The kings divided the kingdom into Rashtra, Vishaya and which other administrative unit?
74. Who was the governing head of a Rashtra, belonging to the status of feudatories?
75. Consider the following pairs of Rashtrakuta local administrative units and their heads:
(I) District (Vishaya) – Vishayapati / Bhogapati
(II) Town – Nagarapati
(III) Village – Gramapati
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
76. The Village Assembly, known as "Mahajanam," belonged to which institution?
77. According to Altekar's opinion, the Rashtrakuta army numbered less than how many?
78. Which branch of the army had greater importance in the Rashtrakuta military organisation?
79. Bankaya and Sri Vijaya, who served as commanders-in-chief, were members of which religion?
80. The police staff of Rashtrakuta times consisted of "Chorodharinukulu" and which other group?
81. What was the main source of income to the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
82. Which tax was levied specifically for army maintenance in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
83. Which tax was imposed for the defence of the kingdom?
84. Out of the kingdom's income, how many parts were allocated to army maintenance?
85. On average, what percentage was left to the Kudivaram (local village officers) for the use of the people?
86. What fraction from the Melavaram was given by the central government for people's welfare activities?
87. Who remained the main judicial head in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
88. Judicial administration in villages was carried out through which institution, belonging to the Grama Sabha?
89. What was the primary basis for economic organisation in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
90. Arab historians wrote that in Western India, land was fertile with paddy and fruits in plenty, and which two crops were cultivated?
91. In South India, agricultural land was specially referred to as "Yeripatti" or which other term?
92. The agriculturist used to pay one-sixth or one-tenth of the crop from the land as what?
93. Which industry became the most famous among all industries in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
94. Gujarat, Berar and which other region remained important centres for the textile industry?
95. Persons belonging to different industries got organised into what?
96. In Rashtrakuta village administration, twelve crafts contributed to proper administration. Which of the following was NOT among these twelve crafts?
97. How many crafts people in total are described as part of the Rashtrakuta economic life, including farmers, weavers, clerks and traders?
98. Which work mentioned the trade that went on between the Eastern and Western coastal areas of South India and Southwest Asian countries?
99. Pepper, cardamom and which other item were the main articles of export during the Rashtrakuta period?
100. There was an increase in the importing of which animal from the northwestern border during this period?
101. Which trade guild, also called "Ayyavolepura" or "500 Swamies," attained much prominence, visiting regions across India, Persia and Southeast Asia?
102. "Manigaram" referred to what kind of trade guild?
103. Which term meant an organised sales centre in South India?
104. Chaul, Sopara and Calicut were famous port towns located on which coast?
105. In South India and the Deccan, the social structure essentially remained as per which principle?
106. Brahmins received Agraharas and which other type of donation from kings, as Vedic literature was studied with tax exemption?
107. Consider the following statements regarding the Rashtrakuta social order:
(I) From the 10th and 11th centuries A.D. onward, the Brahmadeyas declined as temples developed as organisations.
(II) Rashtrakutas have been considered "Sat-Kshatriyas," a special sub-sect among the Kshatriyas.
(III) Vaisyas were called "Komaties" and "Seths."
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
108. Rattadi or Reddi, Vellala and Kapu were described as major classes among which varna?
109. Which literary work of the 10th century A.D. condemned "Vetti Chakiri" (forced/unpaid labour)?
110. In Karnataka and Tamil Nadu areas in the 9th and 10th centuries A.D., which community was able to obtain the position of Purohit in Siva temples?
111. The crafts class "Panchanamvaru" in Andhra and which other class in Tamil Nadu emerged in the 11th century A.D.?
112. New religious movements such as Virasaivism, Aaradhya Saivam and Sri Vaishnavam were patronised by which groups?
113. In the "Trayipurusha" temple at Selorgi in Karnataka, where a big college was located, how many hostels existed?
114. Which three cities remained important as educational centres in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
115. The Dhulia inscription, issued by which ruler, records grants to scholars in Vedas, Vedangas, Itihasas, Puranas, Grammar, Philosophy and Logic?
116. In 975 A.D., land admeasuring 50 Mattaras was donated to a Mutt located in which temple in Dharwad Mandal?
117. At Kaulas Agrahara in Dharwad Mandal, how many Brahmin families remained well-versed in Grammar, Moral Science, Literature and Puranas?
118. What was the official language of the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
119. During the time of King Krishna III, who wrote "Kavirahasyam," explaining the use of Sanskrit Dhatuvulu along with a prasasti of Krishna?
120. Jinasena, the revered teacher of Amoghavarsha, wrote "Adipurana," the biography of the Jain Tirthankaras — this work was completed by which disciple?
121. During Amoghavarsha's time, "Amoghavritti," a work on grammar, was written by whom?
122. "Kavirajamarga," the first work on poetics in Kannada, was authored by whom?
123. Ponna, second in the triumvirate of Kannada writers, was the court poet of which ruler?
124. Pampa, first in the Kannada triumvirate, was a court poet of which dynasty, a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas?
125. Stone structures and cave temples, replacing earlier brick-and-timber structures, were witnessed from which centuries?
126. Structures in "lower Dravidadesa" (present-day Tamil Nadu and Kerala) adopted which architectural style?
127. Structures in "upper Dravidadesa" (Andhra and Karnataka areas) stood as symbols for the spread of which style?
128. In the first cave at Ellora, which ruler built the Dasavatara temple?
129. The Kailasanatha temple at Ellora was the artistic creation of which ruler?
130. Following South Indian convention, the Kailasanatha temple's plan consisted of how many temples of worship in total?
131. The Gopuram (tower) of the Kailasanatha temple had two storeys, with the upper part roofed in the shape of what?
132. Besides the Kailasanatha and Dasavatara temples, which other Ellora cave temple is named among the famous Rashtrakuta structures?
133. Among the sculptures of the Dasavatara temple, which one became the most famous?
134. The cave temples with highly imposing images near Bombay are located on which island?
135. The statue of Maheswara, carved with the faces of the Trimurtis and considered a great specimen of Rashtrakuta sculptural art, personifies which three principles?
136. The paintings that stand as the best model of Rashtrakuta-era painting are found at which temple?
137. The paintings of Nataraja, Lingodbhava and which other subject were rendered in attractive colours at the Kailasanadha temple?
138. The paintings in the Jaina cave at Ellora, called "Indraprabha," are characterised by beautiful style and what feature?
139. Which two Saiva sects came into vogue in the Deccan during the time of the Rashtrakutas?
140. Which centre came to be recognised as a great "Kapalika" centre?
141. The title "Sree Prithvi Vallabha," borne by the Rashtrakuta kings, may have been intended to declare themselves as an avatara of which deity?
142. In the Deccan and South India, which concept of Vishnu worship became famous, with Vishnu also worshipped in sitting and standing postures?
143. Vishnu in "Sayana" or lying posture was regarded as the highest stage, symbolising what?
144. Srirangam, Kanchi, Ahobilam, Tirumala and which other centre attained eminence as Vaishnava centres during this time?
145. Which Chinese traveller mentioned that in Andhra, all permanent Buddhist residences were desolate, though temples with a Brahmin base existed?
146. Sriparvatam attained the status of an important centre for the worship of which deity/concept?
147. Vajrayana Buddhism, which gained ground from the 7th century onward, is also known by which other name?
148. The teachers or professors in the Vajrayana movement were called "Siddhus" — what was their total number?
149. During the time of the Rashtrakutas, which religion had greater prominence than Buddhism and enjoyed patronage and influence?
150. Akalanka, Pampa and Ponna were great persons associated with which religion?
151. Consider the following statements regarding Jain sects and centres in Andhra:
(I) Mulasangha, Yavaneeya and Dravidasangha were famous Jain sects in circulation in Andhra.
(II) Perur, Danuvulapadu, Vemulapadu and Hanumakonda were famous Jain centres in Andhra.
(III) Sravanabelagola, the most famous Jain centre, was located in Andhra.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
152. Which Rashtrakuta king and which other named figure were famous patrons of Jainism in the Karnataka region?
153. In Karnataka, which Jain sect was in practice?
154. Which contemporary Arab traveller regarded Amoghavarsha I as one of the world's renowned great emperors?