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45. Civil Disobedience Movement- I
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1. At which Congress session was the Nehru Report approved, despite dissatisfaction from younger elements?
2. Which three younger Congress leaders expressed dissatisfaction with dominion status as the Congress goal at the Calcutta session?
3. What goal did the younger Congress elements demand in place of dominion status at the Calcutta session?
4. What grace period did the Congress initially propose (before it was reduced) for the government to accept the dominion status demand?
5. What did the Congress resolve would happen if the government failed to accept a dominion-status constitution by the end of the grace period?
6. In which city did Gandhi initiate the foreign cloth boycott campaign in March 1929, leading to his arrest?
7. Which committee did the Congress Working Committee set up to propagate the boycott of foreign cloth?
8. Who carried out the bomb explosion in the Central Legislative Assembly in April 1929?
9. Which minority government came to power in Britain in May 1929, seen as more sympathetic to Indian aspirations?
10. Who became Secretary of State for India following the Labour government's formation in May 1929?
11. Consider the following statements about events that kept political temperature high in 1929:
(I) The Meerut Conspiracy Case occurred in March.
(II) The Central Legislative Assembly bomb explosion occurred in April.
(III) The Labour government came to power in England in May.
Which of the above is/are correct?
12. On what date was Irwin's Declaration officially communicated through the Indian Gazette?
13. What did Irwin's Declaration state was implicit in the Declaration of 1917 as the natural issue of India's constitutional progress?
14. What was a key limitation of Irwin's Declaration?
15. Besides the dominion status declaration, what did Lord Irwin also promise?
16. On what date was the 'Delhi Manifesto' issued by a conference of national leaders?
17. Consider the following statements about the conditions set out in the Delhi Manifesto for attending the Round Table Conference:
(I) The basic principle of dominion status should be immediately accepted, with the conference acting as a constituent assembly.
(II) The Congress should have majority representation at the conference.
(III) There should be a general amnesty for political prisoners.
Which of the above is/are correct?
18. Who was nominated president of the Lahore session of the Congress (December 1929), mainly due to Gandhi's backing?
19. How many of the 18 Provincial Congress Committees had opposed Nehru's nomination as Lahore session president?
20. Consider the following statements about why Nehru was chosen to preside over the Lahore session:
(I) It was appropriate given Congress's acceptance of complete independence as its goal.
(II) It acknowledged the upsurge of youth that had made the anti-Simon campaign a success.
Which of the above is/are correct?
21. In his presidential address at Lahore, Nehru described himself as a believer in which ideology, expressing no faith in kings and princes?
22. According to Nehru's Lahore address, what characteristic must a great movement for liberation necessarily be, except in times of organised revolt?
23. Consider the following statements about decisions taken at the Lahore session:
(I) The Round Table Conference was to be boycotted.
(II) Complete independence was declared as the Congress aim.
(III) All legislature members were asked to resign their seats, and civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes was authorised.
Which of the above is/are correct?
24. What date was fixed at the Lahore session as the first Independence (Swarajya) Day?
25. Where and by whom was the tricolour flag of freedom hoisted at midnight on December 31, 1929?
26. Who is supposed to have drafted the Independence Pledge read out on January 26, 1930?
27. Consider the following statements about the content of the Independence Pledge:
(I) It declared it a crime against man and God to submit any longer to British rule.
(II) It committed to preparing for civil disobedience through non-payment of taxes.
(III) It called for an immediate armed uprising against British rule.
Which of the above is/are correct?
28. By what date did Gandhi give the government an ultimatum to accept or reject his eleven demands?
29. Consider the following statements about Gandhi's Eleven Demands:
(I) They included reducing expenditure on the Army and civil services by 50 per cent.
(II) They included introducing total prohibition.
(III) They included abolishing the salt tax and the government's salt monopoly.
Which of the above is/are correct?
30. Which of Gandhi's Eleven Demands was categorised as a 'specific bourgeois demand'?
31. Which demand among Gandhi's Eleven Demands fell under 'specific peasant demands'?
32. Which body invested Gandhi with full powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at a time and place of his choice?
33. According to Gandhi, why was salt an especially effective symbol for the movement, unlike a no-rent campaign?
34. On what date did Gandhi inform the viceroy of his plan of action for the Dandi March?
35. From which ashram did Gandhi begin the Dandi March?
36. How many members of the Sabarmati Ashram accompanied Gandhi on the Dandi March?
37. Approximately how many miles did the Dandi March cover, from Ahmedabad through Gujarat to the coast?
38. On what date did Gandhi break the salt law by picking up salt at Dandi?
39. How many village officials in Gujarat resigned in response to Gandhi's appeal following the Dandi March?
40. Consider the following statements about Gandhi's directions for future civil disobedience action following the Dandi salt-law violation:
(I) Foreign liquor and cloth shops could be picketed.
(II) Government servants could resign from their posts.
(III) Violence was permitted if non-violent methods failed.
Which of the above is/are correct?
41. Who was to be obeyed for local leadership of the movement after Gandhi's arrest, per his directions?
42. In which month was Jawaharlal Nehru arrested for defiance of the salt law, provoking huge demonstrations in Madras, Calcutta and Karachi?
43. On what date was Gandhi arrested, after announcing he would lead a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works?
44. In which town did the response to Gandhi's arrest prove the most fierce?
45. Consider the following statements about actions sanctioned by the Congress Working Committee after Gandhi's arrest:
(I) Non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas.
(II) A no-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari areas.
(III) Violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.
Which of the above is/are correct?
46. On what date did the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works, led by Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib and Manilal, take place?
47. How many people were killed in the police lathicharge at the Dharasana Salt Works raid?
48. Who led the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works, alongside Sarojini Naidu and Imam Sahib?
49. Which American journalist reported admiringly on the discipline of the marchers at Dharasana?
50. Following the Dharasana raid, in which additional locations was this new form of salt satyagraha eagerly adopted?
51. Who led the salt march from Thiruchirapalli (Trichinapoly) to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast in April 1930?
52. Consider the following statements about the Civil Disobedience Movement in Tamil Nadu:
(I) The anti-liquor campaign gathered forceful support in Coimbatore, Madura and Virdhanagar.
(II) Police force was used to break the Choolai mills strike.
(III) Peasants suffering from falling prices rioted at Bodinayakanur in Madura.
Which of the above is/are correct?
53. Which Malabar Congress leader, famed for the Vaikom Satyagraha, organised salt marches during the CDM?
54. Who heroically defended the national flag against a police lathi-charge on Calicut beach in November 1930, and later founded the Kerala Communist movement?
55. In which districts of the Andhra region were district salt marches organised?
56. What term was used for the military-style camps set up as headquarters of the Salt Satyagraha in the Andhra region?
57. What was notably absent in the Andhra region's Civil Disobedience Movement, compared to the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921-22?
58. Under whose leadership did the salt satyagraha prove effective in the coastal regions of Balasore, Cuttack and Puri in Orissa?
59. Consider the following statements about the Civil Disobedience Movement in Assam:
(I) Divisive tensions between Assamese-Bengalis and Hindus-Muslims weakened the movement compared to 1921-22.
(II) A successful student strike was held against the Cunningham Circular in May 1930.
(III) Chandraprabha Saikiani incited Kachari villages to break forest laws in December 1930, with the Assam Congress leadership's full support.
Which of the above is/are correct?
60. What banned students' participation in politics, and became the target of a successful student strike in Assam in May 1930?
61. Which two Bengal Congress leaders led rival factions involved in the Calcutta Corporation election, alienating Calcutta bhadralok leaders from the rural masses?
62. Despite low Muslim participation and communal riots, which two features made Bengal notable during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
63. Whose revolt group carried out a raid on two armouries in Chittagong and declared a provisional government?
64. Which two districts were the first in Bihar to start salt satyagraha?
65. What campaign replaced salt satyagraha in Bihar due to the physical impracticality of large-scale salt manufacture there?
66. Who led a Gandhian-influenced movement in Hazaribagh (Chhotanagpur) combining socio-religious reform along 'sanskritising' lines?
67. What were followers of the Hazaribagh movement asked to give up, as part of its 'sanskritising' reform?
68. What social pattern was observed among Chhotanagpur landlords and tenants during the movement?
69. Whose educational and social reform work had politicised the Pathans of Peshawar before the Civil Disobedience Movement?
70. By what popular name was Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan's volunteer brigade, the Khudai Khidmatgars, known?
71. On what date did the arrest of Congress leaders in the NWFP lead to mass demonstrations that put Peshawar virtually in the hands of the crowds?
72. What notable act of defiance occurred among soldiers during the Peshawar upsurge?
73. From what date did textile workers in Sholapur go on strike in response to Gandhi's arrest?
74. Sholapur's activists established a virtual parallel government, which could only be dislodged after martial law was imposed following which date?
75. In which Gujarat districts did the impact of the no-tax movement include areas such as Anand, Borsad, Nadiad, Bardoli and Jambusar?
76. What type of law defiance characterised the movement in Maharashtra, Karnataka and the Central Provinces?
77. In the United Provinces, what did the no-revenue and no-rent campaigns effectively become, since most zamindars were loyalists?
78. At what age did Rani Gaidinliu raise the banner of revolt against foreign rule in Manipur and Nagaland?
79. Whose cousin did Rani Gaidinliu follow, and who was later hanged by the British on charges of treason in 1931?
80. Which government finally ordered Rani Gaidinliu's release from Tura jail, after her 1932 capture and life sentence?
81. Consider the following statements about forms of mobilisation used during the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(I) Prabhat pheries and vanar senas were used.
(II) Secret patrikas and magic lantern shows were used.
(III) Radio broadcasts were the primary mode of mobilisation.
Which of the above is/are correct?
82. Consider the following statements about the impact of the agitation:
(I) Imports of foreign cloth and other items fell.
(II) The government suffered a loss of income from liquor, excise and land revenue.
(III) Elections to the Legislative Assembly saw record voter turnout.
Which of the above is/are correct?
83. What did Gandhi specifically ask women to do during the Civil Disobedience Movement?
84. What activity became a familiar sight for women participants of the CDM?
85. Along with women, which group played the most prominent part in the boycott of foreign cloth and liquor?
86. Why was Muslim participation in the CDM nowhere near the level seen in the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22?
87. In which province did Muslims show overwhelming participation in the CDM despite the general decline?
88. In which regions was middle-class Muslim participation noted as quite significant?
89. Which social group was described as very enthusiastic in implementing the boycott, especially in Tamil Nadu and Punjab?
90. In which regions were tribals noted as active participants in the CDM?
91. In which cities did workers participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
92. In which regions were peasants noted as particularly active during the CDM?
93. What best characterises the Muslim weaving community's involvement in Bihar, Delhi and Lucknow?
94. What dilemma did the government face throughout 1930 in responding to the movement?
95. What government action affecting civil liberties intensified once repression began in 1930?
96. What development, besides government repression, further upset even moderate political opinion in 1930?
97. In July 1930, which two figures were permitted by Lord Irwin to explore the possibility of peace between the Congress and the government?
98. In August 1930, where were Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru taken to meet Gandhi and discuss a possible settlement?
99. Consider the following statements about the demands reiterated by Gandhi and the Nehrus at the Yeravada Jail talks:
(I) Right of secession from Britain.
(II) Complete national government with control over defence and finance.
(III) An independent tribunal to settle Britain's financial claims.
Which of the above is/are correct?
100. On what date were Gandhi and all other CWC members released unconditionally, preceding the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
101. On what date was the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (Delhi Pact) signed?
102. Consider the following statements about the terms Irwin agreed to under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact:
(I) Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence.
(II) Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption (not for sale).
(III) Full commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades' death sentences to life imprisonment.
Which of the above is/are correct?
103. Besides the death sentence commutation, which other demand of Gandhi's did the viceroy turn down under the Pact?
104. What did Gandhi agree to on behalf of the Congress under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
105. What were the three 'lynch-pins' around which the constitutional question was to be discussed at the next Round Table Conference, per the Pact?
106. Which two demands did the viceroy turn down, even as he agreed to withdraw emergency ordinances under the Pact?
107. Under the Pact, what treatment was promised to government servants who had resigned during the movement?
108. What did the Gandhi-Irwin Pact place the Congress on, relative to the government?
109. Consider the following statements on why Gandhi's suspension of the CDM under the Pact was NOT considered a retreat:
(I) Mass movements are necessarily short-lived.
(II) The masses' capacity for sacrifice, unlike that of activists, is limited.
(III) There were signs of exhaustion after September 1930, especially among shopkeepers and merchants.
Which of the above is/are correct?
110. Which group was particularly disappointed by the suspension of the CDM, having wanted the movement to end decisively rather than fade out?
111. Which group in Gujarat was disappointed that their lands were not restored immediately under the Pact?
112. What was the stated objective of the Civil Disobedience Movement, distinguishing it from the Non-Cooperation Movement's vaguely-worded swaraj?
113. How did the methods of the Civil Disobedience Movement differ from the Non-Cooperation Movement from the very beginning?
114. Which form of intelligentsia-led protest, prominent during Non-Cooperation, declined during the CDM?
115. What compensated for the decline of certain features (like intelligentsia participation) during the CDM, compared to Non-Cooperation?
116. Approximately how many times more people were imprisoned during the CDM compared to the Non-Cooperation Movement?
117. In terms of organisational strength, how did the Congress during the CDM compare to during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
118. Which feature of the Non-Cooperation Movement did NOT coincide with the Civil Disobedience Movement?
119. Who remarked, "Gandhi was the best policeman the British had in India"?
120. Who described the Dandi March as the 'kindergarten stage of revolution'?
121. In which month and year was the special Congress session held at Karachi to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact?
122. On what date was the Karachi session held?
123. How many days before the Karachi session were Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru executed?
124. Which organisation greeted Gandhi with black flag demonstrations throughout his route to Karachi, protesting his failure to secure commutation of Bhagat Singh's sentence?
125. Consider the following statements about the Congress's stance at Karachi regarding Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru:
(I) The Congress disapproved of and dissociated itself from political violence.
(II) The Congress still admired the 'bravery' and 'sacrifice' of the three martyrs.
Which of the above is/are correct?
126. Which two resolutions, adopted at Karachi, made the session particularly memorable?
127. Consider the following statements about the Karachi Resolution on Fundamental Rights:
(I) It guaranteed free speech, free press, and the right to form associations.
(II) It guaranteed universal adult franchise.
(III) It guaranteed equal legal rights irrespective of caste, creed and sex.
Which of the above is/are correct?
128. Which of the following was part of the Karachi Resolution on Fundamental Rights?
129. Consider the following statements about the Karachi Resolution on the National Economic Programme:
(I) It called for substantial reduction in rent and revenue for landholders and peasants.
(II) It called for state ownership and control of key industries, mines and means of transport.
(III) It called for abolition of all private industry immediately.
Which of the above is/are correct?
130. What did the Karachi Resolution on the National Economic Programme guarantee to workers regarding organisation?
131. What was significant about the Karachi session in terms of Congress's articulation of swaraj?
132. Where was the first Round Table Conference held?
133. Between which months was the first Round Table Conference held?
134. Who officially opened the first Round Table Conference on November 12, 1930?
135. Who chaired the first Round Table Conference?
136. What was significant about the first Round Table Conference in terms of British-Indian relations?
137. Which major Indian political body refused to attend the first Round Table Conference?
138. Who led the British-Indian delegation representing the Muslim League at the first Round Table Conference?
139. Who represented the Depressed Classes at the first Round Table Conference?
140. What was generally agreed at the first Round Table Conference regarding India's constitutional future?
141. What realisation did the British government come to after the first Round Table Conference?
142. Who did the Indian National Congress nominate as its sole representative at the second Round Table Conference?
143. Between which dates was the second Round Table Conference held?
144. Who had replaced Lord Irwin as viceroy of India just before the second Round Table Conference began?
145. Which weak and reactionary Secretary of State for India headed policy under the Conservative-dominated National Government at the time of the second RTC?
146. Who strongly objected, from the Conservative Right Wing in Britain, to negotiating with the Congress on an equal basis?
147. Consider the following statements about Gandhi's position at the second Round Table Conference:
(I) He claimed to represent all people of India against imperialism.
(II) He rejected the idea of a separate electorate for untouchables, saying they were Hindus.
(III) He supported separate electorates for Muslims and other minorities.
Which of the above is/are correct?
148. What issue caused the second Round Table Conference session to get deadlocked?
149. Which announcements did Ramsay MacDonald make at the end of the second Round Table Conference?
150. Between which dates was the third Round Table Conference held?
151. Which two entities notably did NOT attend the third Round Table Conference?
152. In which month and year were the third Round Table Conference's recommendations published in a White Paper?
153. What body was formed to analyse the White Paper recommendations and formulate a new Act for India?
154. When was the Government of India Act, 1935 enforced, following the Joint Select Committee's draft Bill of February 1935?
155. On what date did the Congress Working Committee decide to resume the civil disobedience movement, following the failure of the second Round Table Conference?
156. On what date was Gandhi arrested after Viceroy Willingdon refused to meet him?
157. What term was used to describe the series of repressive ordinances that ushered in a virtual martial law under civilian control?
158. Approximately how many satyagrahis were jailed in the first four months of the resumed civil disobedience movement?
159. Consider the following statements about the resumed phase of civil disobedience (1932 onward):
(I) It coincided with upsurges in the princely states of Kashmir and Alwar.
(II) A secret radio transmitter was installed near Bombay.
(III) The movement was easily sustained for several years due to strong government support.
Which of the above is/are correct?
160. In what month and year did Gandhi finally decide to withdraw the civil disobedience movement?
161. Consider the following statements about British policy considerations after the second Round Table Conference:
(I) Gandhi would not be permitted to build up momentum for another mass movement.
(II) The confidence of loyalists and government functionaries, rather than Congress goodwill, was seen as essential.
(III) The national movement would be encouraged to consolidate in rural areas.
Which of the above is/are correct?
162. What group was singled out as facing particularly harsh repression during the resumed civil disobedience phase?
163. On what date was the Communal Award announced by British PM Ramsay MacDonald?
164. On what body's findings was the Communal Award based?
165. How many reserved seats were granted to the depressed classes under the Communal Award?
166. Consider the following statements about the communities granted separate electorates under the Communal Award:
(I) Muslims, Europeans, and Sikhs.
(II) Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and depressed classes.
(III) Even Marathas for some seats in Bombay.
Which of the above is/are correct?
167. Before the Communal Award, what stand had Ambedkar taken in his testimony to the Simon Commission regarding the depressed classes?
168. What proposal did the Simon Commission reject regarding the depressed classes, while still retaining a different concept?
169. At the second Round Table Conference, what compromise did Ambedkar attempt with Gandhi before the Communal Award was announced?
170. Who offered to mediate on the minorities question, on the condition that other committee members supported his decision, leading to the Communal Award?
171. For how many years was the separate electorate arrangement for the depressed classes to apply, under the Communal Award?
172. What percentage of seats were to be reserved for women in all provinces except the NWFP, under the Communal Award?
173. What unique voting arrangement did the Communal Award grant the depressed classes?
174. How many seats were allocated for the Marathas in the province of Bombay under the Communal Award?
175. What was the Congress's official stand on the Communal Award?
176. Consider the following statements about Gandhi's objections to the Communal Award:
(I) He saw it as an attack on Indian unity and nationalism.
(II) He believed separate electorates would undermine the goal of abolishing untouchability.
(III) He believed the Award adequately addressed the socially degraded position of the depressed classes.
Which of the above is/are correct?
177. On what date did Gandhi begin his indefinite fast against the Communal Award's separate electorates?
178. Consider the following statements regarding Gandhi's demand ahead of his fast:
(I) He demanded that the depressed classes be elected through a joint, wider electorate under universal franchise.
(II) He expressed no objection to a larger number of reserved seats for the depressed classes.
Which of the above is/are correct?
179. Besides Ambedkar, which other leaders helped hammer out the compromise contained in the Poona Pact?
180. On what date was the Poona Pact signed by Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes?
181. What did the Poona Pact abandon, in exchange for increased reserved seats for the depressed classes?
182. By how much did the Poona Pact increase the reserved seats for depressed classes in provincial legislatures?
183. What share of seats in the Central Legislature did the Poona Pact reserve for the depressed classes?
184. How did the government treat the Poona Pact in relation to the Communal Award?
185. Consider the following statements about the impact of the Poona Pact on depressed classes:
(I) It made the depressed classes political tools usable by majoritarian caste Hindu organisations.
(II) It enabled genuine, independent leadership to develop unimpeded among depressed classes.
(III) It subordinated the depressed classes into the Hindu social order by denying them a separate and distinct existence.
Which of the above is/are correct?
186. What long-term constitutional consequence is attributed to the Poona Pact's denial of a separate identity for Dalits?
187. What did the All India Scheduled Caste Federation allege about the joint electorate system under the Government of India Act, 1935?
188. Until what year did Ambedkar continue to denounce the Poona Pact, despite having signed it?
189. In which month, while still in jail, did Gandhi set up the All India Anti-Untouchability League?
190. In which month did Gandhi start the weekly publication 'Harijan'?
191. After his release from jail in August 1933, to which ashram did Gandhi shift, having vowed not to return to Sabarmati Ashram until swaraj was won?
192. Over what period did Gandhi conduct his Harijan tour of the country, covering about 20,000 km?
193. What organisation did Gandhi's Harijan tour collect money for?
194. On which two dates in 1934 did Gandhi undertake fasts to convince followers of the seriousness of his anti-untouchability effort?
195. What bill did the government defeat in August 1934, seen as the government obliging orthodox and reactionary elements?
196. What was Gandhi's key call regarding temples, as part of his Harijan campaign?
197. What did Gandhi call on caste Hindus to do, as part of his campaign, for the miseries inflicted on Harijans?
198. What was Gandhi's stated view connecting Hinduism and untouchability?
199. Why did Gandhi avoid mixing the issue of removing untouchability with inter-caste marriage and inter-dining?
200. How did Gandhi distinguish between untouchability and the caste system (varnashram) itself?
201. What did Gandhi believe untouchability was a product of, rather than of the caste system itself?
202. What approach did Gandhi favour toward orthodox Hindus (whom he called 'sanatanis') regarding untouchability, rather than compulsion?
203. What symbolic parallel is drawn between Gandhi's burning of foreign cloth and Ambedkar's burning of which text?
204. Consider the following statements comparing Gandhi's and Ambedkar's views on freedom:
(I) Gandhi believed freedom must be wrested from authority by the people who desire it.
(II) Ambedkar expected freedom to be bestowed by the imperial rulers.
Which of the above is/are correct?
205. Which leader advocated the parliamentary system of government for independent India, while the other had little respect for it?
206. What did Gandhi believe democracy tends to get converted into, given a propensity for domination by leaders?
207. What was the one uncompromising principle Gandhi held to, despite having no rigidities of ideology otherwise?
208. In 'Hind Swaraj', what did Gandhi argue regarding India's status as a nation prior to imperial rule?
209. What did 'Gramraj' (village self-rule) represent for Gandhi, in contrast to Ambedkar's view of Indian villages?
210. Consider the following statements about Gandhi's and Ambedkar's views on machinery and mechanisation:
(I) Gandhi was apprehensive about mechanisation's de-humanising and exploitative impact.
(II) Ambedkar attributed machinery's evil effects to wrong social organisation, not machinery itself, and believed it benefited all.
Which of the above is/are correct?
211. How did Ambedkar's and Gandhi's notions of non-violence differ?
212. Whose approach held that 'purity of means' determined the end, versus 'purity of ends' justifying the means?
213. How did Ambedkar regard the untouchables, in contrast to Gandhi's view of them as an integral part of the Hindu whole?
214. What language did Gandhi typically speak in for mobilisation, compared to Ambedkar?
215. Which Gandhian principle had non-cooperation, hartal, satyagraha and civil disobedience as its outward manifestations, from which Ambedkar's approach differed?
216. How did Gandhi and Ambedkar differ in their preferred methods for solving the problem of untouchability?